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什么是MongoDB

MongoDB是一種非關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（NoSQL），它被設(shè)計(jì)用于存儲(chǔ)和檢索大量數(shù)據(jù)，特別適用于處理大數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用程序。MongoDB的名稱源自"humongous"（巨大的）這個(gè)詞，它強(qiáng)調(diào)了MongoDB的優(yōu)勢，即能夠輕松處理大規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)。以下是MongoDB的一些關(guān)鍵特點(diǎn)和概念：

非關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)：與傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫不同，MongoDB不使用表格結(jié)構(gòu)，而是采用文檔存儲(chǔ)模型。數(shù)據(jù)以文檔的形式存儲(chǔ)，通常使用JSON或類似的格式，這使得MongoDB更加靈活，可以存儲(chǔ)各種不同結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)。
高度可擴(kuò)展：MongoDB是一個(gè)分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)，可以在多臺(tái)服務(wù)器上運(yùn)行。它支持水平擴(kuò)展，可以通過添加更多的服務(wù)器來增加存儲(chǔ)容量和處理能力，以應(yīng)對大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)和高負(fù)載的需求。
強(qiáng)大的查詢語言：MongoDB提供了豐富的查詢和索引功能，使您可以輕松地檢索數(shù)據(jù)、篩選數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行聚合操作。
高性能：MongoDB的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)之一是提供高性能的讀寫操作。它使用內(nèi)存映射文件來加速數(shù)據(jù)訪問，同時(shí)支持垂直分割和水平分割以提高性能。
復(fù)制和故障容忍性：MongoDB支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)復(fù)制，可以在多個(gè)服務(wù)器之間復(fù)制數(shù)據(jù)，以提供冗余和故障容忍性。如果一個(gè)服務(wù)器出現(xiàn)故障，系統(tǒng)可以自動(dòng)切換到備用服務(wù)器。
開源和活躍的社區(qū)：MongoDB是開源的，擁有龐大的社區(qū)支持和活躍的開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)。這意味著它不僅免費(fèi)，還有許多可用的工具和擴(kuò)展，以滿足各種不同的需求。

MongoDB廣泛用于各種應(yīng)用程序，包括Web應(yīng)用程序、大數(shù)據(jù)分析、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)（IoT）應(yīng)用程序、日志管理和許多其他領(lǐng)域，因?yàn)樗撵`活性和可擴(kuò)展性使其適用于各種不同類型的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)需求。

實(shí)現(xiàn)背景

在實(shí)際企業(yè)環(huán)境中，MongoDB需要多節(jié)點(diǎn)部署組成一個(gè)集群，可用于確保高可用性、容量擴(kuò)展、負(fù)載均衡和數(shù)據(jù)備份。此時(shí)需要對整個(gè)MongoDB集群進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，持續(xù)關(guān)注集群的健康狀況。因此我們使用MongoDB Exporter將指標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換為Prometheus的數(shù)據(jù)類型。最后通過Prometheus進(jìn)行收集Mongodb集群的監(jiān)控指標(biāo)，并采用Grafana可視化。

創(chuàng)建StorageClasses

基于NFS創(chuàng)建StorageClasses,作為Mongodb集群持久化存儲(chǔ)。

# 創(chuàng)建StorageClasses
$ kubectl apply -f sc.yml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/kubesre-nfs created

# 查看StorageClasses
$ kubectl get storageclasses.storage.k8s.io
NAME                 PROVISIONER                RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
kubesre-nfs          example.com/external-nfs   Delete          Immediate              false                  63s
standard (default)   rancher.io/local-path      Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  13d

MaongoDB集群部署

通過Helm方式進(jìn)行部署MongoDB集群

# 添加Helm倉庫
$ helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
"bitnami" has been added to your repositories

# 搜索 MangoDB
$ helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "higress.io" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "bitnami" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "ingress-nginx" chart repository
Update Complete. ?Happy Helming!?

$ helm search repo mongodb
NAME                    CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
bitnami/mongodb         13.18.4       6.0.10      MongoDB(R) is a relational open source NoSQL da...
bitnami/mongodb-sharded 6.6.6         6.0.10      MongoDB(R) is an open source NoSQL database tha...

# 將MongoDB Chat下載到本地
$ mkdir mongodb && cd mongodb
$ helm pull bitnami/mongodb
$ tar zxf mongodb-13.18.4.tgz
$ cp mongodb/values.yaml ./values-test.yaml

# 修改values-test.yaml
$ cat values-test.yaml 

## 配置文件中定義 storageClass: ""，會(huì)使用集群配置的 openebs 提供的 storageClass，
## 使用此文檔部署，需要自行解決 storageClass 問題 (ceph, nfs, 公有云提供的 nfs)

global:
  # 定義 storageClass 使用的類型
  storageClass: "nfs-client"

# 定義 mongodb 集群為副本集模式
architecture: replicaset

# 啟動(dòng)集群認(rèn)證功能，設(shè)置超級(jí)管理員賬戶密碼
auth:
  enabled: true
  rootUser: root
  rootPassword: "root"

# 設(shè)置集群數(shù)量，3個(gè)
replicaCount: 3

# 啟用持久化存儲(chǔ)，使用 global.storageClass 自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建 pvc 
persistence:
  enabled: true
  size: 20Gi


# 安裝MongoDB集群
helm install mongodb-cluster mongodb -f ./values-test.yaml
NAME: mongodb-cluster
LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Sep 19 15:54:36 2023
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
CHART NAME: mongodb
CHART VERSION: 13.18.4
APP VERSION: 6.0.10

** Please be patient while the chart is being deployed **

MongoDB? can be accessed on the following DNS name(s) and ports from within your cluster:

    mongodb-cluster-0.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017
    mongodb-cluster-1.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017
    mongodb-cluster-2.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017

To get the root password run:

    export MONGODB_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace default mongodb-cluster -o jsonpath="{.data.mongodb-root-password}" | base64 -d)

To connect to your database, create a MongoDB? client container:

    kubectl run --namespace default mongodb-cluster-client --rm --tty -i --restart='Never' --env="MONGODB_ROOT_PASSWORD=$MONGODB_ROOT_PASSWORD" --image docker.io/bitnami/mongodb:6.0.10-debian-11-r0 --command -- bash

Then, run the following command:
    mongosh admin --host "mongodb-cluster-0.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017,mongodb-cluster-1.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017,mongodb-cluster-2.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017" --authenticationDatabase admin -u $MONGODB_ROOT_USER -p $MONGODB_ROOT_PASSWORD

# 查看運(yùn)行狀態(tài)
$ kubectl  get pods  | grep mongo
mongodb-cluster-0           1/1     Running   0               17m
mongodb-cluster-1           1/1     Running   0               6m42s
mongodb-cluster-2           1/1     Running   0               4m29s
mongodb-cluster-arbiter-0   1/1     Running   4 (7m51s ago)   20m

MongoDB Exporter 部署

接下來部署Mongodb Exporter：

# 部署Mongodb Exporter
$ cat exporter.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: mongo-expoter
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: mongo-expoter
    spec:
      containers:
        - args:
            - '--web.listen-address=:9104'
            - '--mongodb.uri'
            - >-
              mongodb://mongodb-cluster-0.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017,mongodb-cluster-1.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017,mongodb-cluster-2.mongodb-cluster-headless.default.svc.cluster.local:27017/admin?authSource=admin
          image: 'percona/mongodb_exporter:0.39.0'
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: mongo-expoter
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: 250m
              memory: 512Mi

$ kubectl apply -f exporter.yml

# 部署Mongodb Exporter Service
$ cat service.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: mongo-exporter
spec:
  internalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
    - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
    - port: 9104
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 9104
  selector:
    app: mongo-exporter
  type: ClusterIP

$ kubectl apply -f service.yml

到此Exporter部署完畢！

Prometheus安裝

接下來需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)Configmap 存儲(chǔ)Prometheus 的配置映射：

$ cat prometheus-cm.yml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  prometheus.yml: |-
    global:
      scrape_interval: 15s 
      evaluation_interval: 15s 
    scrape_configs:
      - job_name: "exporter"
        static_configs:
          - targets: ["mongo-exporter:9104"]
kind: ConfigMap
  name: prometheus

$ kubectl apply -f prometheus-cm.yml

# 部署Prometheus
$ cat prometheus.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: prometheus
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: prometheus
      name: prometheus-pod
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: prom/prometheus
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          name: prometheus
          ports:
            - containerPort: 9090
              name: metrics
              protocol: TCP
          resources: {}
          terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
          terminationMessagePolicy: File
          volumeMounts:
            - mountPath: /etc/prometheus
              name: prometheus-config
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      restartPolicy: Always
      schedulerName: default-scheduler
      securityContext: {}
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 15
      volumes:
        - configMap:
            defaultMode: 420
            items:
              - key: prometheus.yml
                path: prometheus.yml
            name: prometheus
          name: prometheus-config


# 創(chuàng)建Prometheus Service
$ cat prometheus-service.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: '2023-09-19T14:12:15Z'
  managedFields:
    - apiVersion: v1
      fieldsType: FieldsV1
      fieldsV1:
        'f:spec':
          'f:internalTrafficPolicy': {}
          'f:ipFamilyPolicy': {}
          'f:ports':
            .: {}
            'k:{"port":9090,"protocol":"TCP"}':
              .: {}
              'f:port': {}
              'f:protocol': {}
              'f:targetPort': {}
          'f:selector': {}
          'f:sessionAffinity': {}
          'f:type': {}
      manager: ACK-Console Apache-HttpClient
      operation: Update
      time: '2023-09-19T14:12:15Z'
  name: prometheues
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: '531698594'
  uid: 0187137d-6805-4179-9981-dfa5481b8d5e
spec:
  clusterIP: 172.25.7.25
  clusterIPs:
    - 172.25.7.25
  internalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
    - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
    - port: 9090
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 9090
  selector:
    app: prometheus
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: ClusterIP
status:
  loadBalancer: {}

$ kubectl apply -f prometheus-service.yml

此時(shí)可以訪問Prometheus控制臺(tái)了：

如何使用Prometheus監(jiān)控MongoDB集群

Grafana 部署

開始部署Grafana嘍：

# 部署Grafana
$ cat grafana.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: grafana
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tool: grafana
      name: grafana-pod
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: grafana/grafana
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          name: grafana
          ports:
            - containerPort: 3000
              protocol: TCP

$ kubectl apply -f grafana.yml

# 創(chuàng)建Service
$ cat grafana-service.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: grafana
spec:
  internalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
    - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
    - port: 3000
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 3000
  selector:
    tool: grafana
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: ClusterIP

$ kubectl apply -f grafana-service.yml