Hibernate查詢語言(HQL)是一種面向對象的查詢語言,類似于SQL,但不是對表和列操作,HQL適用于持久對象和它們的屬性。 HQL查詢由Hibernate轉換成傳統(tǒng)的SQL查詢,這在圈上的數(shù)據(jù)庫執(zhí)行操作。
雖然可以直接使用SQL語句和Hibernate使用原生SQL,但建議使用HQL盡可能避免數(shù)據(jù)庫可移植性的麻煩,并采取Hibernate的SQL生成和緩存策略的優(yōu)勢。
都像SELECT,F(xiàn)ROM和WHERE等關鍵字不區(qū)分大小寫,但如表名和列名的屬性是區(qū)分在HQL敏感。
FROM 語句
使用FROM子句,如果要加載一個完整的持久化對象到內存中。下面是一個使用FROM子句的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "FROM Employee" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
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String hql = "FROM com.hibernatebook.criteria.Employee" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
AS 語句
AS子句可以用來別名分配給類中的HQL查詢,特別是當有很長的查詢。例如,我們前面簡單的例子是以下幾點:
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String hql = "FROM Employee AS E" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
AS關鍵字是可選的,也可以直接在之后的類名指定別名,如下所示:
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String hql = "FROM Employee E" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
SELECT 子句
SELECT子句提供了更多的控制權比from子句的結果集。如果想獲得對象而不是整個對象的幾個屬性,使用SELECT子句。下面是一個使用SELECT語句來獲取Employee對象只是FIRST_NAME字段的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "SELECT E.firstName FROM Employee E" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
值得注意的是在這里,Employee.firstName是Employee對象的一個屬性,而不是EMPLOYEE表的一個字段。
WHERE 子句
如果想縮小了從存儲返回的特定對象,可以使用WHERE子句。下面是一個使用WHERE子句的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = 10" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
ORDER BY 子句
若要排序HQL查詢的結果,將需要使用ORDER BY子句。您可以在結果集按升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)通過在對象的任何屬性排序結果。下面是一個使用ORDER BY子句的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id > 10 ORDER BY E.salary DESC" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
如果想通過一個以上的屬性進行排序,你會僅僅是額外的屬性添加到由子句用逗號隔開,如下所示的命令的結尾:
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String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id > 10 " + "ORDER BY E.firstName DESC, E.salary DESC " ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
GROUP BY 子句
該子句允許從Hibernate的它基于屬性的值的數(shù)據(jù)庫和組提取信息,并且通常使用結果包括總值。下面是一個使用GROUP BY子句的語法很簡單:
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String hql = "SELECT SUM(E.salary), E.firtName FROM Employee E " + "GROUP BY E.firstName" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
使用命名參數(shù)
Hibernate命名在其HQL查詢參數(shù)支持。這使得編寫接受來自用戶的輸入容易,不必對SQL注入攻擊防御HQL查詢。下面是一個使用命名參數(shù)的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = :employee_id" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); query.setParameter( "employee_id" , 10 ); List results = query.list(); |
UPDATE 子句
批量更新是新的HQL與Hibernate3,以及不同的刪除工作,在Hibernate 3和Hibernate2一樣。 Query接口現(xiàn)在包含一個名為executeUpdate()方法用于執(zhí)行HQL UPDATE或DELETE語句。
在UPDATE子句可以用于更新一個或多個對象中的一個或多個屬性。下面是一個使用UPDATE子句的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "UPDATE Employee set salary = :salary " + "WHERE id = :employee_id" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); query.setParameter( "salary" , 1000 ); query.setParameter( "employee_id" , 10 ); int result = query.executeUpdate(); System.out.println( "Rows affected: " + result); |
DELETE 子句
DELETE子句可以用來刪除一個或多個對象。下面是一個使用DELETE子句的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "DELETE FROM Employee " + "WHERE id = :employee_id" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); query.setParameter( "employee_id" , 10 ); int result = query.executeUpdate(); System.out.println( "Rows affected: " + result); |
INSERT 子句
HQL支持INSERT INTO子句中只記錄在那里可以插入從一個對象到另一個對象。以下是使用INSERT INTO子句的簡單的語法:
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String hql = "INSERT INTO Employee(firstName, lastName, salary)" + "SELECT firstName, lastName, salary FROM old_employee" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); int result = query.executeUpdate(); System.out.println( "Rows affected: " + result); |
聚合方法
HQL支持多種聚合方法,類似于SQL。他們工作在HQL同樣的方式在SQL和下面的可用功能列表:
DISTINCT關鍵字只計算在該行設定的唯一值。下面的查詢將只返回唯一的計數(shù):
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String hql = "SELECT count(distinct E.firstName) FROM Employee E" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list(); |
使用查詢分頁
有用于分頁查詢接口的兩個方法。
- Query setFirstResult(int startPosition)
- Query setMaxResults(int maxResult)
采用上述兩種方法一起,可以在網(wǎng)站或Swing應用程序構建一個分頁組件。下面是例子,可以擴展來獲取10行:
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String hql = "FROM Employee" ; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); query.setFirstResult( 1 ); query.setMaxResults( 10 ); List results = query.list(); |
查詢條件
Hibernate提供了操作對象,并依次數(shù)據(jù)在RDBMS表可用的備用方式。其中一個方法是標準的API,它允許你建立一個標準的查詢對象編程,可以套用過濾規(guī)則和邏輯條件。
Hibernate的Session接口提供了可用于創(chuàng)建一個返回的持久化對象的類的實例時,應用程序執(zhí)行一個條件查詢一個Criteria對象createCriteria()方法。
以下是最簡單的一個條件查詢的例子是將簡單地返回對應于Employee類的每個對象。
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Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); List results = cr.list(); |
限制與標準:
可以使用add()方法可用于Criteria對象添加限制條件查詢。下面是例子增加一個限制與薪水返回的記錄是等于2000:
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Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); cr.add(Restrictions.eq( "salary" , 2000 )); List results = cr.list(); |
以下是幾個例子覆蓋不同的場景,并且可以根據(jù)要求使用:
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Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); // To get records having salary more than 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.gt( "salary" , 2000 )); // To get records having salary less than 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.lt( "salary" , 2000 )); // To get records having fistName starting with zara cr.add(Restrictions.like( "firstName" , "zara%" )); // Case sensitive form of the above restriction. cr.add(Restrictions.ilike( "firstName" , "zara%" )); // To get records having salary in between 1000 and 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.between( "salary" , 1000 , 2000 )); // To check if the given property is null cr.add(Restrictions.isNull( "salary" )); // To check if the given property is not null cr.add(Restrictions.isNotNull( "salary" )); // To check if the given property is empty cr.add(Restrictions.isEmpty( "salary" )); // To check if the given property is not empty cr.add(Restrictions.isNotEmpty( "salary" )); 可以創(chuàng)建AND或OR使用LogicalExpression限制如下條件: Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); Criterion salary = Restrictions.gt( "salary" , 2000 ); Criterion name = Restrictions.ilike( "firstNname" , "zara%" ); // To get records matching with OR condistions LogicalExpression orExp = Restrictions.or(salary, name); cr.add( orExp ); // To get records matching with AND condistions LogicalExpression andExp = Restrictions.and(salary, name); cr.add( andExp ); List results = cr.list(); |
雖然上述所有條件,可以直接使用HQL在前面的教程中介紹。
分頁使用標準:
還有的標準接口,用于分頁的兩種方法。
- public Criteria setFirstResult(int firstResult)
- public Criteria setMaxResults(int maxResults)
采用上述兩種方法一起,我們可以在我們的網(wǎng)站或Swing應用程序構建一個分頁組件。下面是例子,可以擴展來每次獲取10行:
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Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); cr.setFirstResult( 1 ); cr.setMaxResults( 10 ); List results = cr.list(); |
排序的結果:
標準的API提供了org.hibernate.criterion.Order類排序按升序或降序排列你的結果集,根據(jù)對象的屬性。這個例子演示了如何使用Order類的結果集進行排序:
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Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); // To get records having salary more than 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.gt( "salary" , 2000 )); // To sort records in descening order crit.addOrder(Order.desc( "salary" )); // To sort records in ascending order crit.addOrder(Order.asc( "salary" )); List results = cr.list(); |
預測與聚合:
該Criteria API提供了一個org.hibernate.criterion.Projections類可用于獲取平均值,最大值或最小值的屬性值。Projections類是類似于類限制,因為它提供了幾個靜態(tài)工廠方法用于獲得Projection 實例。 provides the
以下是涉及不同的方案的一些例子,可按規(guī)定使用:
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Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); // To get total row count. cr.setProjection(Projections.rowCount()); // To get average of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.avg( "salary" )); // To get distinct count of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.countDistinct( "firstName" )); // To get maximum of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.max( "salary" )); // To get minimum of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.min( "salary" )); // To get sum of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.sum( "salary" )); |
Criteria Queries 例子:
考慮下面的POJO類:
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public class Employee { private int id; private String firstName; private String lastName; private int salary; public Employee() {} public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) { this .firstName = fname; this .lastName = lname; this .salary = salary; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id ) { this .id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName( String first_name ) { this .firstName = first_name; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName( String last_name ) { this .lastName = last_name; } public int getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary( int salary ) { this .salary = salary; } } |
讓我們創(chuàng)建下面的EMPLOYEE表來存儲Employee對象:
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create table EMPLOYEE ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, first_name VARCHAR (20) default NULL , last_name VARCHAR (20) default NULL , salary INT default NULL , PRIMARY KEY (id) ); |
以下將被映射文件。
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> < hibernate-mapping > < class name = "Employee" table = "EMPLOYEE" > < meta attribute = "class-description" > This class contains the employee detail. </ meta > < id name = "id" type = "int" column = "id" > < generator class = "native" /> </ id > < property name = "firstName" column = "first_name" type = "string" /> < property name = "lastName" column = "last_name" type = "string" /> < property name = "salary" column = "salary" type = "int" /> </ class > </ hibernate-mapping > |
最后,我們將創(chuàng)建應用程序類的main()方法來運行,我們將使用Criteria查詢的應用程序:
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import java.util.List; import java.util.Date; import java.util.Iterator; import org.hibernate.HibernateException; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.Transaction; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.Criteria; import org.hibernate.criterion.Restrictions; import org.hibernate.criterion.Projections; import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; public class ManageEmployee { private static SessionFactory factory; public static void main(String[] args) { try { factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory(); } catch (Throwable ex) { System.err.println( "Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex); throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex); } ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee(); /* Add few employee records in database */ Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Zara", "Ali", 2000); Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Daisy", "Das", 5000); Integer empID3 = ME.addEmployee("John", "Paul", 5000); Integer empID4 = ME.addEmployee("Mohd", "Yasee", 3000); /* List down all the employees */ ME.listEmployees(); /* Print Total employee's count */ ME.countEmployee(); /* Print Toatl salary */ ME.totalSalary(); } /* Method to CREATE an employee in the database */ public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, int salary){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; Integer employeeID = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary); employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } return employeeID; } /* Method to READ all the employees having salary more than 2000 */ public void listEmployees( ){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); // Add restriction. cr.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000)); List employees = cr.list(); for (Iterator iterator = employees.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();){ Employee employee = (Employee) iterator.next(); System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName()); System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName()); System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary()); } tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* Method to print total number of records */ public void countEmployee(){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); // To get total row count. cr.setProjection(Projections.rowCount()); List rowCount = cr.list(); System.out.println("Total Coint: " + rowCount.get(0) ); tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* Method to print sum of salaries */ public void totalSalary(){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null ; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee. class ); // To get total salary. cr.setProjection(Projections.sum( "salary" )); List totalSalary = cr.list(); System.out.println( "Total Salary: " + totalSalary.get( 0 ) ); tx.commit(); } catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!= null ) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { session.close(); } } } |
編譯和執(zhí)行:
下面是步驟來編譯并運行上述應用程序。請確保您已在進行的編譯和執(zhí)行之前,適當?shù)卦O置PATH和CLASSPATH。
- 創(chuàng)建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件中配置章節(jié)解釋。
- 創(chuàng)建Employee.hbm.xml映射文件,如上圖所示。
- 創(chuàng)建Employee.java源文件,如上圖所示,并編譯它。
- 創(chuàng)建ManageEmployee.java源文件,如上圖所示,并編譯它。
- 執(zhí)行ManageEmployee二進制運行程序.
會得到以下結果,并記錄將創(chuàng)建在EMPLOYEE表中。
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$java ManageEmployee |
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.......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........ First Name: Daisy Last Name: Das Salary: 5000 First Name: John Last Name: Paul Salary: 5000 First Name: Mohd Last Name: Yasee Salary: 3000 Total Coint: 4 Total Salary: 15000 |
如果檢查EMPLOYEE表,它應該記錄如下:
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mysql> select * from EMPLOYEE; |
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+----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 14 | Zara | Ali | 2000 | | 15 | Daisy | Das | 5000 | | 16 | John | Paul | 5000 | | 17 | Mohd | Yasee | 3000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) |