Python裝飾器是一個(gè)消除冗余的強(qiáng)大工具。隨著將功能模塊化為大小合適的方法,即使是最復(fù)雜的工作流,裝飾器也能使它變成簡(jiǎn)潔的功能。
例如讓我們看看Django web框架,該框架處理請(qǐng)求的方法接收一個(gè)方法對(duì)象,返回一個(gè)響應(yīng)對(duì)象:
1
2
|
def handle_request(request): return HttpResponse( "Hello, World" ) |
我最近遇到一個(gè)案例,需要編寫幾個(gè)滿足下述條件的api方法:
- 返回json響應(yīng)
- 如果是GET請(qǐng)求,那么返回錯(cuò)誤碼
做為一個(gè)注冊(cè)api端點(diǎn)例子,我將會(huì)像這樣編寫:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
|
def register(request): result = None # check for post only if request.method ! = 'POST' : result = { "error" : "this method only accepts posts!" } else : try : user = User.objects.create_user(request.POST[ 'username' ], request.POST[ 'email' ], request.POST[ 'password' ]) # optional fields for field in [ 'first_name' , 'last_name' ]: if field in request.POST: setattr (user, field, request.POST[field]) user.save() result = { "success" : True } except KeyError as e: result = { "error" : str (e) } response = HttpResponse(json.dumps(result)) if "error" in result: response.status_code = 500 return response |
然而這樣我將會(huì)在每個(gè)api方法中編寫json響應(yīng)和錯(cuò)誤返回的代碼。這將會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量的邏輯重復(fù)。所以讓我們嘗試用裝飾器實(shí)現(xiàn)DRY原則吧。
裝飾器簡(jiǎn)介
如果你不熟悉裝飾器,我可以簡(jiǎn)單解釋一下,實(shí)際上裝飾器就是有效的函數(shù)包裝器,python解釋器加載函數(shù)的時(shí)候就會(huì)執(zhí)行包裝器,包裝器可以修改函數(shù)的接收參數(shù)和返回值。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),如果我想要總是返回比實(shí)際返回值大一的整數(shù)結(jié)果,我可以這樣寫裝飾器:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
# a decorator receives the method it's wrapping as a variable 'f' def increment(f): # we use arbitrary args and keywords to # ensure we grab all the input arguments. def wrapped_f( * args, * * kw): # note we call f against the variables passed into the wrapper, # and cast the result to an int and increment . return int (f( * args, * * kw)) + 1 return wrapped_f # the wrapped function gets returned. |
現(xiàn)在我們就可以用@符號(hào)和這個(gè)裝飾器去裝飾另外一個(gè)函數(shù)了:
1
2
3
4
5
6
|
@increment def plus(a, b): return a + b result = plus( 4 , 6 ) assert (result = = 11 , "We wrote our decorator wrong!" ) |
裝飾器修改了存在的函數(shù),將裝飾器返回的結(jié)果賦值給了變量。在這個(gè)例子中,'plus'的結(jié)果實(shí)際指向increment(plus)的結(jié)果。
對(duì)于非post請(qǐng)求返回錯(cuò)誤
現(xiàn)在讓我們?cè)谝恍└杏玫膱?chǎng)景下應(yīng)用裝飾器。如果在django中接收的不是POST請(qǐng)求,我們用裝飾器返回一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤響應(yīng)。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
def post_only(f): """ Ensures a method is post only """ def wrapped_f(request): if request.method ! = "POST" : response = HttpResponse(json.dumps( { "error" : "this method only accepts posts!" })) response.status_code = 500 return response return f(request) return wrapped_f |
現(xiàn)在我們可以在上述注冊(cè)api中應(yīng)用這個(gè)裝飾器:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
|
@post_only def register(request): result = None try : user = User.objects.create_user(request.POST[ 'username' ], request.POST[ 'email' ], request.POST[ 'password' ]) # optional fields for field in [ 'first_name' , 'last_name' ]: if field in request.POST: setattr (user, field, request.POST[field]) user.save() result = { "success" : True } except KeyError as e: result = { "error" : str (e) } response = HttpResponse(json.dumps(result)) if "error" in result: response.status_code = 500 return response |
現(xiàn)在我們就有了一個(gè)可以在每個(gè)api方法中重用的裝飾器。
發(fā)送json響應(yīng)
為了發(fā)送json響應(yīng)(同時(shí)處理500狀態(tài)碼),我們可以新建另外一個(gè)裝飾器:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
def json_response(f): """ Return the response as json, and return a 500 error code if an error exists """ def wrapped( * args, * * kwargs): result = f( * args, * * kwargs) response = HttpResponse(json.dumps(result)) if type (result) = = dict and 'error' in result: response.status_code = 500 return response |
現(xiàn)在我們就可以在原方法中去除json相關(guān)的代碼,添加一個(gè)裝飾器做為代替:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
|
post_only @json_response def register(request): try : user = User.objects.create_user(request.POST[ 'username' ], request.POST[ 'email' ], request.POST[ 'password' ]) # optional fields for field in [ 'first_name' , 'last_name' ]: if field in request.POST: setattr (user, field, request.POST[field]) user.save() return { "success" : True } except KeyError as e: return { "error" : str (e) } |
現(xiàn)在,如果我需要編寫新的方法,那么我就可以使用裝飾器做冗余的工作。如果我要寫登錄方法,我只需要寫真正相關(guān)的代碼:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
@post_only @json_response def login(request): if request.user is not None : return { "error" : "User is already authenticated!" } user = auth.authenticate(request.POST[ 'username' ], request.POST[ 'password' ]) if user is not None : if not user.is_active: return { "error" : "User is inactive" } auth.login(request, user) return { "success" : True , "id" : user.pk} else : return { "error" : "User does not exist with those credentials" } |
BONUS: 參數(shù)化你的請(qǐng)求方法
我曾經(jīng)使用過(guò)Tubogears框架,其中請(qǐng)求參數(shù)直接解釋轉(zhuǎn)遞給方法這一點(diǎn)我很喜歡。所以要怎樣在Django中模仿這一特性呢?嗯,裝飾器就是一種解決方案!
例如:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
|
def parameterize_request(types = ( "POST" ,)): """ Parameterize the request instead of parsing the request directly. Only the types specified will be added to the query parameters. e.g. convert a=test&b=cv in request.POST to f(a=test, b=cv) """ def wrapper(f): def wrapped(request): kw = {} if "GET" in types: for k, v in request.GET.items(): kw[k] = v if "POST" in types: for k, v in request.POST.items(): kw[k] = v return f(request, * * kw) return wrapped return wrapper |
注意這是一個(gè)參數(shù)化裝飾器的例子。在這個(gè)例子中,函數(shù)的結(jié)果是實(shí)際的裝飾器。
現(xiàn)在我就可以用參數(shù)化裝飾器編寫方法了!我甚至可以選擇是否允許GET和POST,或者僅僅一種請(qǐng)求參數(shù)類型。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
@post_only @json_response @parameterize_request ([ "POST" ]) def register(request, username, email, password, first_name = None , last_name = None ): user = User.objects.create_user(username, email, password) user.first_name = first_name user.last_name = last_name user.save() return { "success" : True } |
現(xiàn)在我們有了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔的、易于理解的api。
BONUS #2: 使用functools.wraps保存docstrings和函數(shù)名
很不幸,使用裝飾器的一個(gè)副作用是沒(méi)有保存方法名(__name__)和docstring(__doc__)值:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
def increment(f): """ Increment a function result """ wrapped_f(a, b): return f(a, b) + 1 return wrapped_f @increment def plus(a, b) """ Add two things together """ return a + b plus.__name__ # this is now 'wrapped_f' instead of 'plus' plus.__doc__ # this now returns 'Increment a function result' instead of 'Add two things together' |
這將對(duì)使用反射的應(yīng)用造成麻煩,比如Sphinx,一個(gè) 自動(dòng)生成文檔的應(yīng)用。
為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,我們可以使用'wraps'裝飾器附加上名字和docstring:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
|
from functools import wraps def increment(f): """ Increment a function result """ @wraps (f) wrapped_f(a, b): return f(a, b) + 1 return wrapped_f @increment def plus(a, b) """ Add two things together """ return a + b plus.__name__ # this returns 'plus' plus.__doc__ # this returns 'Add two things together' |
BONUS #3: 使用'decorator'裝飾器
如果仔細(xì)看看上述使用裝飾器的方式,在包裝器聲明和返回的地方也有不少重復(fù)。
你可以安裝python egg 'decorator',其中包含一個(gè)提供裝飾器模板的'decorator'裝飾器!
使用easy_install:
1
|
$ sudo easy_install decorator |
或者Pip:
1
|
$ pip install decorator |
然后你可以簡(jiǎn)單的編寫:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
from decorator import decorator @decorator def post_only(f, request): """ Ensures a method is post only """ if request.method ! = "POST" : response = HttpResponse(json.dumps( { "error" : "this method only accepts posts!" })) response.status_code = 500 return response return f(request) |
這個(gè)裝飾器更牛逼的一點(diǎn)是保存了__name__和__doc__的返回值,也就是它封裝了 functools.wraps的功能!