Python是一門弱類型語言,很多從C/C++轉(zhuǎn)過來的朋友起初不是很適應(yīng)。比如,在聲明一個(gè)函數(shù)時(shí),不能指定參數(shù)的類型。用C做類比,那就是所有參數(shù)都是void*類型!void類型強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換在C++中被廣泛地認(rèn)為是個(gè)壞習(xí)慣,不到萬不得已是不會(huì)使用的。
Python自然沒有類型強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換一說了,因?yàn)樗莿?dòng)態(tài)語言。首先,所有對(duì)象都從Object繼承而來,其次,它有強(qiáng)大的內(nèi)省,如果調(diào)用某個(gè)不存在的方法會(huì)有異常拋出。大多數(shù)情況,我們都不需要做參數(shù)類型栓查,除了一些特殊情況。例如,某個(gè)函數(shù)接受一個(gè)str類型,結(jié)果在實(shí)際調(diào)用時(shí)傳入的是unicode,測(cè)試過程中又沒有代碼覆蓋到,這樣問題就比較嚴(yán)重了。解決方法也很簡(jiǎn)單,借助Python的內(nèi)省,很容易就能判斷出參數(shù)的類型。但是每個(gè)地方都寫檢查代碼會(huì)很累贅,何況它帶來的實(shí)際價(jià)值并不高。一個(gè)好的解決方法是使用裝飾器。
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''' >>> NONE, MEDIUM, STRONG = 0, 1, 2 >>> >>> @accepts(int, int, int) ... def average(x, y, z): ... return (x + y + z) / 2 ... >>> average(5.5, 10, 15.0) TypeWarning: 'average' method accepts (int, int, int), but was given (float, int, float) 15.25 ''' def accepts( * types, * * kw): """ Function decorator. Checks that inputs given to decorated function are of the expected type. Parameters: types -- The expected types of the inputs to the decorated function. Must specify type for each parameter. kw -- Optional specification of 'debug' level (this is the only valid keyword argument, no other should be given). debug = ( 0 | 1 | 2 ) """ if not kw: # default level: MEDIUM debug = 1 else : debug = kw[ 'debug' ] try : def decorator(f): def newf( * args): if debug = = 0 : return f( * args) assert len (args) = = len (types) argtypes = tuple ( map ( type , args)) if argtypes ! = types: msg = info(f.__name__, types, argtypes, 0 ) if debug = = 1 : print >> sys.stderr, 'TypeWarning: ' , msg elif debug = = 2 : raise TypeError, msg return f( * args) newf.__name__ = f.__name__ return newf return decorator except KeyError, key: raise KeyError, key + "is not a valid keyword argument" except TypeError, msg: raise TypeError, msg def info(fname, expected, actual, flag): """ Convenience function returns nicely formatted error/warning msg. """ format = lambda types: ', ' .join([ str (t).split( "'" )[ 1 ] for t in types]) expected, actual = format (expected), format (actual) msg = "'%s' method " % fname \ + ( "accepts" , "returns" )[flag] + " (%s), but " % expected\ + ( "was given" , "result is" )[flag] + " (%s)" % actual return msg |
本質(zhì)上講,這也是一種運(yùn)行時(shí)檢查,但效果已經(jīng)不錯(cuò)了。
更多有趣的裝飾器的使用,可以參考這篇文章http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary