在早期開發的時候,我們完成的都是靜態頁面也就是html頁面,隨著時間軸的發展,慢慢的引入了jsp頁面,當在后端服務查詢到數據之后可以轉發到jsp頁面,可以輕松的使用jsp頁面來實現數據的顯示及交互,jsp有非常強大的功能,但是,在使用springboot的時候,整個項目是以jar包的方式運行而不是war包,而且還嵌入了tomcat容器,因此,在默認情況下是不支持jsp頁面的。如果直接以純靜態頁面的方式會給我們的開發帶來很大的麻煩,springboot推薦使用模板引擎。
模板引擎有很多種,jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf,模板引擎的作用就是我們來寫一個頁面模板,比如有些值呢,是動態的,我們寫一些表達式。而這些值,從哪來呢,我們來組裝一些數據,我們把這些數據找到。然后把這個模板和這個數據交給我們模板引擎,模板引擎按照我們這個數據幫你把這表達式解析、填充到我們指定的位置,然后把這個數據最終生成一個我們想要的內容給我們寫出去,這就是我們這個模板引擎,不管是jsp還是其他模板引擎,都是這個思想。只不過不同的模板引擎語法不同而已,下面重點學習下springboot推薦使用的thymeleaf模板引擎,語法簡單且功能強大
1、thymeleaf的介紹
官網地址:https://www.thymeleaf.org/
thymeleaf在github的地址:https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf
中文網站:https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/
導入依賴:
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<!--thymeleaf模板--> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactId> </dependency> |
在springboot中有專門的thymeleaf配置類:ThymeleafProperties
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@ConfigurationProperties (prefix = "spring.thymeleaf" ) public class ThymeleafProperties { private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8; public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/" ; public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html" ; /** * Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it. */ private boolean checkTemplate = true ; /** * Whether to check that the templates location exists. */ private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true ; /** * Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. */ private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX; /** * Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. */ private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX; /** * Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf's TemplateMode enum. */ private String mode = "HTML" ; /** * Template files encoding. */ private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING; /** * Whether to enable template caching. */ private boolean cache = true ; |
2、thymeleaf使用模板
在java代碼中寫入如下代碼:
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@RequestMapping ( "/hello" ) public String hello(Model model){ model.addAttribute( "msg" , "Hello" ); //classpath:/templates/hello.html return "hello" ; } |
html頁面中寫入如下代碼:
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > <body> <h1>Hello</h1> <div th:text= "${msg}" ></div> </body> </html> |
3、thymeleaf的表達式語法
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Simple expressions: Variable Expressions: ${...} Selection Variable Expressions: *{...} Message Expressions: #{...} Link URL Expressions: @{...} Fragment Expressions: ~{...} Literals Text literals: 'one text', 'Another one!',… Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,… Boolean literals: true, false Null literal: null Literal tokens: one, sometext, main,… Text operations: String concatenation: + Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}| Arithmetic operations: Binary operators: +, -, *, /, % Minus sign (unary operator): - Boolean operations: Binary operators: and, or Boolean negation (unary operator): !, not Comparisons and equality: Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le) Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne) Conditional operators: If-then: (if) ? (then) If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else) Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue) Special tokens: No-Operation: _ |
4、thymeleaf實例演示
1、th的常用屬性值
?一、th:text :設置當前元素的文本內容,相同功能的還有th:utext,兩者的區別在于前者不會轉義html標簽,后者會。優先級不高:order=7
?二、th:value:設置當前元素的value值,類似修改指定屬性的還有th:src,th:href。優先級不高:order=6
?三、th:each:遍歷循環元素,和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意該屬性修飾的標簽位置,詳細往后看。優先級很高:order=2
?四、th:if:條件判斷,類似的還有th:unless,th:switch,th:case。優先級較高:order=3
?五、th:insert:代碼塊引入,類似的還有th:replace,th:include,三者的區別較大,若使用不恰當會破壞html結構,常用于公共代碼塊提取的場景。優先級最高:order=1
?六、th:fragment:定義代碼塊,方便被th:insert引用。優先級最低:order=8
?七、th:object:聲明變量,一般和*{}一起配合使用,達到偷懶的效果。優先級一般:order=4
?八、th:attr:修改任意屬性,實際開發中用的較少,因為有豐富的其他th屬性幫忙,類似的還有th:attrappend,th:attrprepend。優先級一般:order=5
thymeleaf.html
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" > <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <p th:text= "${thText}" ></p> <p th:utext= "${thUText}" ></p> <input type= "text" th:value= "${thValue}" > <div th:each= "message:${thEach}" > <p th:text= "${message}" ></p> </div> <div> <p th:text= "${message}" th:each= "message:${thEach}" ></p> </div> <p th:text= "${thIf}" th: if = "${not #strings.isEmpty(thIf)}" ></p> <div th:object= "${thObject}" > <p>name:<span th:text= "*{name}" /></p> <p>age:<span th:text= "*{age}" /></p> <p>gender:<span th:text= "*{gender}" /></p> </div> </body> </html> |
ThymeleafController.java
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; @Controller public class ThymeleafController { @RequestMapping ( "thymeleaf" ) public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){ map.put( "thText" , "th:text設置文本內容 <b>加粗</b>" ); map.put( "thUText" , "th:utext 設置文本內容 <b>加粗</b>" ); map.put( "thValue" , "thValue 設置當前元素的value值" ); map.put( "thEach" , "Arrays.asList(\"th:each\", \"遍歷列表\")" ); map.put( "thIf" , "msg is not null" ); map.put( "thObject" , new Person( "zhangsan" , 12 , "男" )); return "thymeleaf" ; } } |
2、標準表達式語法
?${...} 變量表達式,Variable Expressions
?*{...} 選擇變量表達式,Selection Variable Expressions
?一、可以獲取對象的屬性和方法
?二、可以使用ctx,vars,locale,request,response,session,servletContext內置對象
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session.setAttribute( "user" , "zhangsan" ); th:text= "${session.user}" |
?三、可以使用dates,numbers,strings,objects,arrays,lists,sets,maps等內置方法
standardExpression.html
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<!-- 一、strings:字符串格式化方法,常用的Java方法它都有。比如:equals,equalsIgnoreCase,length,trim,toUpperCase,toLowerCase,indexOf,substring,replace,startsWith,endsWith,contains,containsIgnoreCase等 二、numbers:數值格式化方法,常用的方法有:formatDecimal等 三、bools:布爾方法,常用的方法有:isTrue,isFalse等 四、arrays:數組方法,常用的方法有:toArray,length,isEmpty,contains,containsAll等 五、lists,sets:集合方法,常用的方法有:toList,size,isEmpty,contains,containsAll,sort等 六、maps:對象方法,常用的方法有:size,isEmpty,containsKey,containsValue等 七、dates:日期方法,常用的方法有:format,year,month,hour,createNow等 --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" > <title>thymeleaf內置方法</title> </head> <body> <h3> #strings </h3> <div th: if = "${not #strings.isEmpty(Str)}" > <p>Old Str : <span th:text= "${Str}" /></p> <p>toUpperCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.toUpperCase(Str)}" /></p> <p>toLowerCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.toLowerCase(Str)}" /></p> <p>equals : <span th:text= "${#strings.equals(Str, 'blog')}" /></p> <p>equalsIgnoreCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(Str, 'blog')}" /></p> <p>indexOf : <span th:text= "${#strings.indexOf(Str, 'r')}" /></p> <p>substring : <span th:text= "${#strings.substring(Str, 2, 4)}" /></p> <p>replace : <span th:text= "${#strings.replace(Str, 'it', 'IT')}" /></p> <p>startsWith : <span th:text= "${#strings.startsWith(Str, 'it')}" /></p> <p>contains : <span th:text= "${#strings.contains(Str, 'IT')}" /></p> </div> <h3> #numbers </h3> <div> <p>formatDecimal 整數部分隨意,小數點后保留兩位,四舍五入: <span th:text= "${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 0, 2)}" /></p> <p>formatDecimal 整數部分保留五位數,小數點后保留兩位,四舍五入: <span th:text= "${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 5, 2)}" /></p> </div> <h3> #bools </h3> <div th: if = "${#bools.isTrue(Bool)}" > <p th:text= "${Bool}" ></p> </div> <h3> #arrays </h3> <div th: if = "${not #arrays.isEmpty(Array)}" > <p>length : <span th:text= "${#arrays.length(Array)}" /></p> <p>contains : <span th:text= "${#arrays.contains(Array,2)}" /></p> <p>containsAll : <span th:text= "${#arrays.containsAll(Array, Array)}" /></p> </div> <h3> #lists </h3> <div th: if = "${not #lists.isEmpty(List)}" > <p>size : <span th:text= "${#lists.size(List)}" /></p> <p>contains : <span th:text= "${#lists.contains(List, 0)}" /></p> <p>sort : <span th:text= "${#lists.sort(List)}" /></p> </div> <h3> #maps </h3> <div th: if = "${not #maps.isEmpty(hashMap)}" > <p>size : <span th:text= "${#maps.size(hashMap)}" /></p> <p>containsKey : <span th:text= "${#maps.containsKey(hashMap, 'thName')}" /></p> <p>containsValue : <span th:text= "${#maps.containsValue(hashMap, '#maps')}" /></p> </div> <h3> #dates </h3> <div> <p>format : <span th:text= "${#dates.format(Date)}" /></p> <p>custom format : <span th:text= "${#dates.format(Date, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')}" /></p> <p>day : <span th:text= "${#dates.day(Date)}" /></p> <p>month : <span th:text= "${#dates.month(Date)}" /></p> <p>monthName : <span th:text= "${#dates.monthName(Date)}" /></p> <p>year : <span th:text= "${#dates.year(Date)}" /></p> <p>dayOfWeekName : <span th:text= "${#dates.dayOfWeekName(Date)}" /></p> <p>hour : <span th:text= "${#dates.hour(Date)}" /></p> <p>minute : <span th:text= "${#dates.minute(Date)}" /></p> <p>second : <span th:text= "${#dates.second(Date)}" /></p> <p>createNow : <span th:text= "${#dates.createNow()}" /></p> </div> </body> </html> |
ThymeleafController.java
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@RequestMapping ( "standardExpression" ) public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){ map.put( "Str" , "Blog" ); map.put( "Bool" , true ); map.put( "Array" , new Integer[]{ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }); map.put( "List" , Arrays.asList( 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 0 )); Map hashMap = new HashMap(); hashMap.put( "thName" , "${#...}" ); hashMap.put( "desc" , "變量表達式內置方法" ); map.put( "Map" , hashMap); map.put( "Date" , new Date()); map.put( "Num" , 888 .888D); return "standardExpression" ; } |
?@{...} 鏈接表達式,Link URL Expressions
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<!-- 不管是靜態資源的引用,form表單的請求,凡是鏈接都可以用@{...} 。這樣可以動態獲取項目路徑,即便項目名變了,依然可以正常訪問 鏈接表達式結構 無參:@{/xxx} 有參:@{/xxx(k1=v1,k2=v2)} 對應url結構:xxx?k1=v1&k2=v2 引入本地資源:@{/項目本地的資源路徑} 引入外部資源:@{/webjars/資源在jar包中的路徑} --> <link th:href= "@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}" rel= "external nofollow" rel= "stylesheet" > <link th:href= "@{/main/css/123.css}" rel= "external nofollow" rel= "stylesheet" > <form class = "form-login" th:action= "@{/user/login}" th:method= "post" > <a class = "btn btn-sm" th:href= "@{/login.html(l='zh_CN')}" rel= "external nofollow" >中文</a> <a class = "btn btn-sm" th:href= "@{/login.html(l='en_US')}" rel= "external nofollow" >English</a> |
?#{...} 消息表達式,Message Expressions
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<!-- 消息表達式一般用于國際化的場景。結構:th:text= "#{msg}" --> |
?~{...} 代碼塊表達式,Fragment Expressions
fragment.html
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<!-- 支持兩種語法結構 推薦:~{templatename::fragmentname} 支持:~{templatename:: #id} templatename:模版名,Thymeleaf會根據模版名解析完整路:/resources/templates/templatename.html,要注意文件的路徑。 fragmentname:片段名,Thymeleaf通過th:fragment聲明定義代碼塊,即:th:fragment= "fragmentname" id:HTML的id選擇器,使用時要在前面加上 #號,不支持class選擇器。 代碼塊表達式的使用 代碼塊表達式需要配合th屬性(th:insert,th:replace,th:include)一起使用。 th:insert:將代碼塊片段整個插入到使用了th:insert的HTML標簽中, th:replace:將代碼塊片段整個替換使用了th:replace的HTML標簽中, th:include:將代碼塊片段包含的內容插入到使用了th:include的HTML標簽中, --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" > <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <!--th:fragment定義代碼塊標識--> <footer th:fragment= "copy" > 2019 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer> <!--三種不同的引入方式--> <div th:insert= "fragment::copy" ></div> <div th:replace= "fragment::copy" ></div> <div th:include= "fragment::copy" ></div> <!--th:insert是在div中插入代碼塊,即多了一層div--> <div> <footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer> </div> <!--th:replace是將代碼塊代替當前div,其html結構和之前一致--> <footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer> <!--th:include是將代碼塊footer的內容插入到div中,即少了一層footer--> <div> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </div> </body> </html> |
5、國際化的配置
?在很多應用場景下,我們需要實現頁面的國際化,springboot對國際化有很好的支持, 下面來演示對應的效果。
1、在idea中設置統一的編碼格式,file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,選擇編碼格式為utf-8
2、在resources資源文件下創建一個i8n的目錄,創建一個login.properties的文件,還有login_zh_CN.properties,idea會自動識別國際化操作
3、創建三個不同的文件,名稱分別是:login.properties,login_en_US.properties,login_zh_CN.properties
內容如下:
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#login.properties login.password=密碼 1 login.remmber=記住我 1 login.sign=登錄 1 login.username=用戶名 1 #login_en_US.properties login.password=Password login.remmber=Remember Me login.sign=Sign In login.username=Username #login_zh_CN.properties login.password=密碼~ login.remmber=記住我~ login.sign=登錄~ login.username=用戶名~ |
4、配置國際化的資源路徑
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spring: messages: basename: i18n/login |
5、編寫html頁面
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初始html頁面 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" /> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action= "" method= "post" > <label >Username</label> <input type= "text" name= "username" placeholder= "Username" > <label >Password</label> <input type= "password" name= "password" placeholder= "Password" > <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type= "checkbox" value= "remember-me" /> Remember Me </label> </div> <br> <button type= "submit" >Sign in </button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body> </html> 修改后的頁面 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" /> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action= "" method= "post" > <label th:text= "#{login.username}" >Username</label> <input type= "text" name= "username" placeholder= "Username" th:placeholder= "#{login.username}" > <label th:text= "#{login.password}" >Password</label> <input type= "password" name= "password" placeholder= "Password" th:placeholder= "#{login.password}" > <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type= "checkbox" value= "remember-me" /> [[ #{login.remmber}]] </label> </div> <br> <button type= "submit" th:text= "#{login.sign}" >Sign in </button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body> </html> |
可以看到通過瀏覽器的切換語言已經能夠實現,想要通過超鏈接實現的話,如下所示:
添加WebMVCConfig.java代碼
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import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.util.StringUtils; import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import java.util.Locale; @Configuration public class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer { @Override public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) { registry.addViewController( "/" ).setViewName( "login" ); registry.addViewController( "/login.html" ).setViewName( "login" ); } @Bean public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){ return new NativeLocaleResolver(); } protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{ @Override public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) { String language = request.getParameter( "language" ); Locale locale = Locale.getDefault(); if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){ String[] split = language.split( "_" ); locale = new Locale(split[ 0 ],split[ 1 ]); } return locale; } @Override public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) { } } } |
login.html頁面修改為:
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<!DOCTYPE html> < html lang = "en" xmlns:th = "http://www.thymeleaf.org" > < head > < meta charset = "UTF-8" /> < title >Title</ title > </ head > < body > < form action = "" method = "post" > < label th:text = "#{login.username}" >Username</ label > < input type = "text" name = "username" placeholder = "Username" th:placeholder = "#{login.username}" > < label th:text = "#{login.password}" >Password</ label > < input type = "password" name = "password" placeholder = "Password" th:placeholder = "#{login.password}" > < br > < br > < div > < label > < input type = "checkbox" value = "remember-me" /> [[#{login.remmber}]] </ label > </ div > < br > < button type = "submit" th:text = "#{login.sign}" >Sign in</ button > < br > < br > < a th:href = "@{/login.html(language='zh_CN')}" rel = "external nofollow" >中文</ a > < a th:href = "@{/login.html(language='en_US')}" rel = "external nofollow" >English</ a > </ form > </ body > </ html > |
國際化的源碼解釋:
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//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration { private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[ 0 ]; public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() { } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties (prefix = "spring.messages" ) //我們的配置文件可以直接放在類路徑下叫: messages.properties, 就可以進行國際化操作了 public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() { return new MessageSourceProperties(); } @Bean public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) { ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource(); if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) { //設置國際化文件的基礎名(去掉語言國家代碼的) messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename()))); } if (properties.getEncoding() != null ) { messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name()); } messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale()); Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration(); if (cacheDuration != null ) { messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis()); } messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat()); messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage()); return messageSource; } } //WebMvcAutoConfiguration @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean @ConditionalOnProperty (prefix = "spring.mvc" , name = "locale" ) public LocaleResolver localeResolver() { if ( this .mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) { return new FixedLocaleResolver( this .mvcProperties.getLocale()); } AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver(); localeResolver.setDefaultLocale( this .mvcProperties.getLocale()); return localeResolver; } //AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver @Override public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) { Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale(); if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader( "Accept-Language" ) == null ) { return defaultLocale; } Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale(); List<Locale> supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales(); if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) { return requestLocale; } Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales); if (supportedLocale != null ) { return supportedLocale; } return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale); } |
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原文鏈接:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangyibing/p/13951989.html#4832895